File:Mug and Torus morph.gif

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Mug_and_Torus_morph.gif(240 × 240 pixels, file size: 497 KB, MIME type: image/gif, looped, 58 frames, 12 s)

This file is from Wikimedia Commons and may be used by other projects. The description on its file description page there is shown below.

Summary

Description
English: A coffee mug morphing into a torus, a popular example in topology.
Türkçe: Bir kahve bardağının simide sürekli deformasyonunu gösteren bir homeomorfizma animasyonu.
Русский: Кофейная кружка, превращающаяся в тор, популярный пример в топологии..
 
This image was created with POV-Ray.
Source Own work
Author Lucas Vieira
Other versions
File:Mug and Torus morph frame.png
single frame suitable for thumbnail purposes

Wikipedia

 This is a featured picture on the English language Wikipedia (Featured pictures) and is considered one of the finest images. See its nomination here.
 This is a featured picture on the Turkish language Wikipedia (Seçkin resimler) and is considered one of the finest images. See its nomination here.

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POV-Ray source code

/* 
Torus to mug morphing animation, by Lucas Vieira - January 17, 2007 - Coded in: POV-Ray 3.6
License: Public Domain

Info
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Author user page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:LucasVB
The final animation at Wikimedia Commons: [[:File:Mug_and_Torus_morph.gif]]


Notes
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Several modifications were done for each part of the animation and I didn't keep them all here.
So if you wish to reproduce the animation, you'll have to play with this code quite a bit. :)

*/


background { color rgb 1 }

global_settings { assumed_gamma 1.5 }

camera {
	orthographic
	location <0,4,-5>*0.8
	look_at <0,0,0>
	//rotate -45*y
}

#declare dist = 0.2;
light_source {
	<0,0,0>, 1
	//translate <-3,5,-5>*1
	translate 5*y
	translate -5*z
	translate 2*x
}


#declare a = 1;

// Cylinders for the mug shape
#declare C_a = function { pow(x / a,2) + pow(z / a,2)-1.5 }
#declare C_b = function { pow(x / a,2) + pow(z / a,2)-1.2 }
#declare B_b = function { (y+1.3) }


// Torus (handle and the morphing target)
#declare R = 1; #declare r = 0.22;
#declare T_a = function { pow(R - sqrt(pow(x,2) + pow(y,2)),2) + pow(z,2) - pow(r,2) }
#declare R2 = 1; #declare r2 = 0.5;
#declare T_b = function { pow(R2 - sqrt(pow(x,2) + pow(y,2)),2) + pow(z,2) - pow(r2,2) }

// Hollow mug (concave)
#declare Mug = function { min(min(max(C_a(x,y,z),B_b(x,y,z)),max(C_a(x,y,z),-C_b(x,y,z))),max(T_a(x-1,y,z),-C_a(x,y,z))) }

// Solid mug (cylinder with handle, convex)
#declare Mug2 = function { min(C_a(x,y,z),max(T_a(x-1,y,z),-C_a(x,y,z))) }


#declare c = 0.5;

// Linear to smooth interpolation
#declare Int = pow(sin(clock*pi/2),2);


// Functions for the mug parts, left as backups.
// max(C_a(x,y,z),B_b(x,y,z)) bottom
// max(C_a(x,y,z),-C_b(x,y,z)) sides
// min(max(C_a(x,y,z),B_b(x,y,z)),max(C_a(x,y,z),-C_b(x,y,z))) bottom+sides
// max(T_a(x-1,y,z),-C_a(x,y,z)) handle
// min(min(max(C_a(x,y,z),B_b(x,y,z)),max(C_a(x,y,z),-C_b(x,y,z))),max(T_a(x-1,y,z),-C_a(x,y,z))) full mug
  	

// Render as isosurface or CSG.
// Isosurface is used in the transitional states.
#declare RenderIsosurface = 0;
#if (RenderIsosurface)
union {
	isosurface {
		function {
			// Add previously defined object functions using Int and (1-Int) as to generate the smooth transition
	    	//Mug2(x,y,z)*(1-Int) +
			Mug(x,y,z)
			//T_b(x-1,y,z)*Int
		}
	  	contained_by { box { -<3,1.5,3>, <3,1.5,3> } }
		accuracy 0.001
		max_gradient 5 // 10
		//rotate -90*x
	}
	cylinder {
		<0,-1.3+Int*2.8,0>, <0,-1.5,0>, sqrt(1.5)
	}
	pigment {
  		color rgb <0.6,0.8,1> transmit 0.1
	}
	finish {
		specular 0.5
		roughness 0.01
		ambient 0.2
	}
}
#else
union {
	difference {
		cylinder {
			-1.5*y, 1.5*y, sqrt(1.5)
		}
		cylinder {
			-2*y, 2*y, sqrt(1.2)
		}
	}
	difference {
		torus {
			R, r
			rotate 90*x
			translate x
		}
		cylinder {
			-1.5*y, 1.5*y, sqrt(1.5)
		}
	}
	cylinder {
		<0,0-0.25+Int*(1.5+0.25),0>, <0,-1.5,0>, sqrt(1.5)
	}
	pigment {
  		color rgb <0.6,0.8,1> transmit 0.1
	}
	finish {
		specular 0.5
		roughness 0.01
		ambient 0.2
	}
}
#end

/* END OF FILE */

Updated January 12, 2007

  1. New colors: blue hue, brighter, softer shadows
  2. Changed light angle
  3. Non-linear interpolation: looks smoother and less boring
  4. Faster frame rate
  5. Cropped to relevant area
  6. Overall, smaller size for a better-looking image.

Updated January 20, 2007

  1. Removed dithering. Image now has visible color bands, but at least thumbnails won't look excessively grainy.

Updated March 1, 2007

  1. More saturation of colors

Licensing

Public domain I, the copyright holder of this work, release this work into the public domain. This applies worldwide.
In some countries this may not be legally possible; if so:
I grant anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law.

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A coffee mug turning into a torus, a popular example in topology.

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File history

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Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment
current06:26, 2 March 2007Thumbnail for version as of 06:26, 2 March 2007240 × 240 (497 KB)wikimediacommons>LucasVBback to old cropping - looks a lot better