Template:Infobox germanium

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Germanium, 32Ge
File:Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg
Germanium
उच्चारण/ɜːrˈmniəm/ (jur-MAY-nee-əm)
दिखावटgrayish-white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ge)
  • 72.630±0.008
  • 72.630±0.008 (abridged)[1]
Germanium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Si

Ge

Sn
galliumgermaniumarsenic
Atomic number (Z)32
समूहgroup 14 (carbon group)
अवधिperiod 4
ब्लॉक  p-block
ऋणावेशित सूक्ष्म अणु का विन्यास[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
प्रति शेल इलेक्ट्रॉन2, 8, 18, 4
भौतिक गुण
Phase at STPsolid
गलनांक1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
क्वथनांक3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Density (near r.t.)5.323 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)5.60 g/cm3
संलयन की गर्मी36.94 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization334 kJ/mol
दाढ़ गर्मी क्षमता23.222 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
परमाणु गुण
ऑक्सीकरण राज्य−4 −3, −2, −1, 0,[2] +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)
इलेक्ट्रोनगेटिविटीPauling scale: 2.01
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 762 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol
परमाणु का आधा घेराempirical: 122 pm
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या122 pm
[वैन डेर वाल्स रेडियस]]211 pm
Spectral lines of germanium
अन्य गुण
प्राकृतिक घटनाprimordial
क्रिस्टल की संरचनाface-centered diamond-cubic
Speed of sound thin rod5400 m/s (at 20 °C)
थर्मल विस्तार6.0 µm/(m⋅K)
ऊष्मीय चालकता60.2 W/(m⋅K)
विद्युत प्रतिरोधकता1 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
ऊर्जा अंतराल0.67 eV (at 300 K)
चुंबकीय आदेशdiamagnetic[3]
दाढ़ चुंबकीय संवेदनशीलता−76.84×10−6 cm3/mol[4]
यंग मापांक103 GPa[5]
कतरनी मापांक41 GPa[5]
थोक मापांक75 GPa[5]
पॉइसन अनुपात0.26[5]
मोहन कठोरता6.0
CAS नंबर7440-56-4
History
नामीafter Germany, homeland of the discoverer
भविष्यवाणीDmitri Mendeleev (1869)
खोज]Clemens Winkler (1886)
Iso­tope Abun­dance Half-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct
Category Category: Germanium
| references
  Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Top image (caption, alt)
Pronunciation
Allotropes (demo)
Group (demo)
Period (demo)
Block (demo)
Standard atomic weight
  most stable isotope
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Wikidata *
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2021-12-24)
See also Category:Infobox element data sets (0)

References

  1. "Standard Atomic Weights: Germanium". CIAAW. 2009.
  2. "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
  3. Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
  4. Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Properties of Germanium". Ioffe Institute.

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