Template:Infobox ruthenium

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Ruthenium, 44Ru
File:Ruthenium a half bar.jpg
Ruthenium
उच्चारण/ruːˈθiːniəm/ ​(roo-THEE-nee-əm)
दिखावटsilvery white metallic
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ru)
  • 101.07±0.02
  • 101.07±0.02 (abridged)[1]
Ruthenium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Fe
↑
Ru
↓
Os
technetium ← ruthenium → rhodium
Atomic number (Z)44
समूहgroup 8
अवधिperiod 5
ब्लॉक  d-block
ऋणावेशित सूक्ष्म अणु का विन्यास[Kr] 4d7 5s1
प्रति शेल इलेक्ट्रॉन2, 8, 18, 15, 1
भौतिक गुण
Phase at STPsolid
गलनांक2607 K ​(2334 °C, ​4233 °F)
क्वथनांक4423 K ​(4150 °C, ​7502 °F)
Density (near r.t.)12.45 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)10.65 g/cm3
संलयन की गर्मी38.59 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization619 kJ/mol
दाढ़ गर्मी क्षमता24.06 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 2588 2811 3087 3424 3845 4388
परमाणु गुण
ऑक्सीकरण राज्य−4, −2, 0, +1,[2] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide)
इलेक्ट्रोनगेटिविटीPauling scale: 2.2
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 710.2 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1620 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2747 kJ/mol
परमाणु का आधा घेराempirical: 134 pm
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या146±7 pm
File:Ruthenium spectrum visible.png
Spectral lines of ruthenium
अन्य गुण
प्राकृतिक घटनाprimordial
क्रिस्टल की संरचना ​hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed of sound thin rod5970 m/s (at 20 °C)
थर्मल विस्तार6.4 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
ऊष्मीय चालकता117 W/(m⋅K)
विद्युत प्रतिरोधकता71 nΩ⋅m (at 0 °C)
चुंबकीय आदेशparamagnetic[3]
दाढ़ चुंबकीय संवेदनशीलता+39×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[3]
यंग मापांक447 GPa
कतरनी मापांक173 GPa
थोक मापांक220 GPa
पॉइसन अनुपात0.30
मोहन कठोरता6.5
ब्रिनेल हार्डनेस2160 MPa
CAS नंबर7440-18-8
History
नामीafter Ruthenia, the 19th-century Latin name for Russia[lower-alpha 1]
खोज और पहला अलगावKarl Ernst Claus (1844)
Main isotopes of ruthenium
Iso­tope Abun­dance Half-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct
96Ru 5.54% stable
97Ru syn 2.9 d ε 97Tc
γ –
98Ru 1.87% stable
99Ru 12.76% stable
100Ru 12.60% stable
101Ru 17.06% stable
102Ru 31.55% stable
103Ru syn 39.26 d β− 103Rh
γ –
104Ru 18.62% stable
106Ru syn 373.59 d β− 106Rh
Category Category: Ruthenium
| references
  Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Top image (caption, alt)
Pronunciation
Allotropes (demo)
Group (demo)
Period (demo)
Block (demo)
Standard atomic weight
  most stable isotope
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Wikidata *
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2021-12-24)
See also Category:Infobox element data sets (0)

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
  1. ↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Ruthenium". CIAAW. 1983.
  2. ↑ "Ruthenium: ruthenium(I) fluoride compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Haynes, p. 4.130
  4. ↑ Matthey, Johnson. "The Discovery of Ruthenium". Johnson Matthey Technology Review (in English). Retrieved 2020-08-25.
  5. ↑ Pitchkov, V. N. (1996). "The Discovery of Ruthenium". Platinum Metals Review. 40 (4): 181–188.
The references of group "lower-alpha":
  1. ↑ It was common to give newly discovered elements Latin names (for example, lutetium and hafnium, both discovered in early 20th century, are named after the Latin names for Paris and Copenhagen). Claus chose to name the element "in Honour of my Motherland",[4] and Claus was a Russian subject; as such, he chose the Latin name for Russia used back in the day, Ruthenia, as the basis for his name.[5]
    In contemporary Latin (as well as in contemporary English), Russia is usually referred to as Russia, and the name Ruthenia stands for a region in and around Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine.[citation needed]

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