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14:34, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Σ-algebra (content was: "{{lowercase title}} {{Short description|Algebric structure of set algebra}} {{for|an algebraic structure admitting a given signature Σ of operations|Universal algebra}} In mathematical analysis and in probability theory, a '''σ-algebra''' (also '''σ-field''') on a set ''X'' is a nonempty collection Σ of subsets of ''X'' closed under complement, countable unions, and countable intersec...")
14:33, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Airy wave theory (content was: "{{Short description|Fluid dynamics theory on the propagation of gravity waves}} In fluid dynamics, '''Airy wave theory''' (often referred to as '''linear wave theory''') gives a linearised description of the propagation of gravity waves on the surface of a homogeneous fluid layer. The theory assumes that the fluid layer has a uniform mean depth, and that the fluid flow is inviscid, incompressible and [[irrotational]...")
14:33, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page ANNNI model (content was: "{{short description|Variant of the Ising model}} In statistical physics, the '''axial''' (or '''anisotropic''') '''next-nearest neighbor Ising model''', usually known as the '''ANNNI model''', is a variant of the Ising model in which competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions couple spins at nearest and next-nearest neighbor sites along one of the crystallographic axes of the Bra...")
14:33, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Actor model (content was: "{{short description|Model of concurrent computation}} {{Programming paradigms}} The '''actor model''' in computer science is a mathematical model of concurrent computation that treats an ''actor'' as the basic building block of concurrent computation. In response to a message it receives, an actor can: make local decisions, create more actors, send more messages, and determine how to respond to the next message received. Actors may modify th...")
14:30, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Glaciers on Mars (content was: "{{Short description|Extraterrestrial bodies of ice}} thumb|Martian glacier as seen by HiRISE. Glacier is moving down valley, then spreading out on plain. Evidence for flow comes from the many lines on surface. The rimming ridges at the end of the glacier are probably [[moraines Location is in Protonilus Mensae in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle.]] Glaciers, loosely defined as patches of currently or recently flowing ic...")
14:30, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page XSLT (content was: "{{short description|Language for transforming XML documents}} {{Infobox programming language | name = XSLT | logo = | logo caption = | screenshot = | screenshot caption = | file ext = .xslt | paradigm = Declarative | scope = | year = 1998 | designer = | developer = World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) | latest release version = 3.0 | latest release date = {{release date and age|2017|6|8}} | latest preview date = <!-- {{start date and age|2014|10...")
14:29, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Zariski's main theorem (content was: "{{short description|Theorem of algebraic geometry and commutative algebra}} In algebraic geometry, '''Zariski's main theorem''', proved by {{harvs|txt|authorlink=Oscar Zariski|first=Oscar |last=Zariski|year=1943}}, is a statement about the structure of birational morphisms stating roughly that there is only one branch at any normal point of a variety. It is the special case of Zariski's connectedness theorem when the two varieties are birational. Zariski's main theorem...")
14:29, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Yang–Mills equations (content was: "{{Short description|Partial differential equations whose solutions are instantons}} {{Hatnote|This article discusses the Yang–Mills equations from a mathematical perspective. For the physics perspective, see Yang–Mills theory}} {{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=300 | image1 = -y-(x^2+y^2+1) plot; BPST instanton.png | image2 = X-(x^2+y^2+1) plot; BPST instanton.png | image3 = Curvature of BPST Instanton.png | image4 = BPST on sphere.png | footer = The ''dx1</s...")
14:29, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page If then show (content was: "{{SAFESUBST:<noinclude />#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{3|}}}{{{1|}}}{{{4|}}}|{{{2|}}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude>")
14:29, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page If preview/styles.css (content was: "{{pp|small=yes}}: .preview-warning { font-style: italic; @noflip: padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; color: red; } The templatestyles element inserts a link element before hatnotes. * TODO: Remove link if/when WMF resolves T200206: .preview-warning + link + .preview-warning { margin-top: -0.5em; }")
14:28, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Ideal (ring theory) (content was: "{{Short description|Additive subgroup of a mathematical ring that absorbs multiplication}} {{textbook|date=March 2023}} {{Ring theory sidebar|Basic}} In mathematics, and more specifically in ring theory, an '''ideal''' of a ring is a special subset of its elements. Ideals generalize certain subsets of the integers, such as the even numbers or the multiples of 3. Addition and subtraction of even numbers preserves evenness, and multiply...")
14:28, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Ideal (order theory) (content was: "{{more footnotes|date=June 2017}} In mathematical order theory, an '''ideal''' is a special subset of a partially ordered set (poset). Although this term historically was derived from the notion of a ring ideal of abstract algebra, it has subsequently been generalized to a different notion. Ideals are of great importance for many constructions in order and lattice theory. == Definitions== A subset {{mvar|I}} of a partially ordered set <math...")
14:28, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page IT risk management (content was: "<!---------------------------------------------------------------------------- THIS ARTICLE IS THE RESULT THE SPLIT OF IT risk ARTICLE IN PIECES PLEASE NOTE THAT PARTS OF THIS ARTICLE ARE TRANSCLUDED IN THE ORIGINAL ARTICLE AS A SUMMARY OF THIS ARTICLE PLEASE BE CAREFUL WHILE EDITING This article do not specify the difference between IT Risk and Cybersecurity risk (see the framework matrix) Cybersecurity risk are a subset of IT Risk, IT Risk itself is a subset of Enterprise Ris...")
14:28, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page ISO standards (content was: "{{Navbox | name = ISO standards | state = <includeonly>collapsed</includeonly> | bodyclass = hlist | title = ISO standards {{nobold|{{smaller|by standard number}}}} | above = List of ISO standards{{\}}ISO romanizations{{\}}IEC standards  | grou...")
14:28, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page ISBN (identifier) (content was: "{{Short description|Unique numeric book identifier (introduced 1970)}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}} {{Infobox identifier | name = International Standard Book Number | image = EAN-13-ISBN-13.svg | image_caption = A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code | acronym = ISBN | start_date = {{Start date and age|1970}} | organisation = International ISBN Agency | d...")
14:27, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page ISBN (content was: "{{#if:{{{1|<noinclude>$</noinclude>}}}|{{Catalog lookup link|{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}|{{{4|}}}|{{{5|}}}|{{{6|}}}|{{{7|}}}|{{{8|}}}|{{{9|}}}|article-link={{#ifeq:{{yesno-no|{{{plainlink|}}}}}|yes||{{#ifeq:{{yesno-yes|{{{link|}}}}}|no||ISBN (identifier)}}}}|article-name={{#ifeq:{{yesno-no|{{{plainlink|}}}}}|yes||ISBN}}|link-prefix=[Special:BookSources/|item-prefix={{!}}|item-postfix=]|list-leadout={{{leadout|}}}}}{{#if:{{trim|{{{1|}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{yesno-no|{{{invalid1|}}}}}|yes|...")
14:27, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Holstein–Herring method (content was: "The '''Holstein–Herring method''',<ref>{{cite journal |last=Holstein |first=T. |title=Mobilities of positive ions in their parent gases |journal=J. Phys. Chem. |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=832–836 |year=1952 |doi=10.1021/j150499a004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |last=Holstein |first=T. |title=Westinghouse Research Report 60-94698-3-R9 |publisher=Westinghouse Science and Technology Center|year=1955 }}</ref><ref name=Herring62>{{cite journal |last=Conyers H...")
14:27, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Hatnote/styles.css (content was: "{{pp|small=y}}: .hatnote { font-style: italic; } Limit structure CSS to divs because of Module:Hatnote inline: div.hatnote { @noflip: padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } .hatnote i { font-style: normal; } The templatestyles element inserts a link element before hatnotes. * TODO: Remove link if/when WMF resolves T200206: .hatnote + link + .hatnote { margin-top: -0.5em; }")
14:27, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Harvard citation (content was: "<includeonly>{{#invoke:Footnotes|harvard_citation |bracket_left= ( |bracket_right = ) }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}  </noinclude>")
14:27, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Hahn decomposition theorem (content was: "{{Short description|Measurability theorem}} In mathematics, the '''Hahn decomposition theorem''', named after the Austrian mathematician Hans Hahn, states that for any measurable space <math> (X,\Sigma) </math> and any signed measure <math> \mu </math> defined on the <math> \sigma </math>-algebra <math> \Sigma </math>, there exist two <math> \Sigma </math>-measurable sets, <math> P </math> and <math> N </math>, of...")
14:27, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Hadwiger's theorem (content was: "In integral geometry (otherwise called geometric probability theory), '''Hadwiger's theorem''' characterises the valuations on convex bodies in <math>\R^n.</math> It was proved by Hugo Hadwiger. == Introduction == === Valuations === Let <math>\mathbb{K}^n</math> be the collection of all compact convex sets in <math>\R^n.</math> A '''valuation''' is a function <math>v : \mathbb{K}^n \to \R</math> such that <math>v(\varnothing)...")
14:27, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Atomic battery (content was: "{{Short description|Devices generating electricity from radioisotope decay}} {{for|the generation of radioactive isotopes|radionuclide generator}} {{Use American English|date = February 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} An '''atomic battery''', '''nuclear battery''', '''radioisotope battery''' or '''radioisotope generator''' is a device which uses energy from the decay of a radioactive isotope to generate electricity. Like nuclear re...")
14:27, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Azimuth (content was: "{{Short description|Horizontal angle from north or other reference cardinal direction}} {{Other uses}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}} right|thumb|The azimuth is the angle formed between a reference direction (in this example north) and a [[sightline|line from the observer to a point of interest projected on the same plane as the reference direction orthogonal to the zenith.]] An '''azimuth''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-azimuth.ogg|ˈ|...")
14:26, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page ZFS (content was: "{{short description|File system}} {{Other uses}} {{use mdy dates|date=May 2020}} {{Infobox OS | name = ZFS | logo = Oracle Solaris logo.svg | screenshot = | developer = Sun Microsystems (acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2009) | family = Unix (System V Release 4) | released = {{Start date and age|2006|06}} Solaris 10 6/06 ("U2") | license...")
14:25, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Trim (content was: "<includeonly>{{safesubst:#if:1|{{{x|{{{1|}}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude>")
14:25, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Patent (content was: "<includeonly>{{Cite patent |1={{{1|US}}} |2={{{2|0}}} |3={{#ifeq:{{{3}}}|application|application}} }}{{#ifeq:{{{3}}}|application |{{#if:{{{4|}}}| {{{4}}}}} |{{#if:{{{3|}}}| {{{3}}}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude>")
14:25, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Kakutani fixed-point theorem (content was: "{{Short description|On when a function f: S→Pow(S) on a compact nonempty convex subset S⊂ℝⁿ has a fixed point}} In mathematical analysis, the '''Kakutani fixed-point theorem''' is a fixed-point theorem for set-valued functions. It provides sufficient conditions for a set-valued function defined on a convex, compact subset of a Euclidean space to have a fixed point, i.e. a point which is m...")
14:24, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page LCC (content was: "LCC {{#if:{{{2|}}} |{{#if:{{{3|}}} |[https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=CALL%2B&searchArg={{{1}}}+{{{2}}}+{{{3}}}&searchType=1&recCount=25 {{{1}}} {{{2}}} {{{3}}}] |[https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=CALL%2B&searchArg={{{1}}}+{{{2}}}&searchType=1&recCount=25 {{{1}}} {{{2}}}] }} |[https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=CALL%2B&searchAr...")
14:24, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Gravitational instanton (content was: "{{Short description|Four-dimensional complete Riemannian manifold satisfying the vacuum Einstein equations}} In mathematical physics and differential geometry, a '''gravitational instanton''' is a four-dimensional complete Riemannian manifold satisfying the vacuum Einstein equations. They are so named because they are analogues in quantum theories of gravity of instantons in Yang–Mills theory. In accordan...")
14:24, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Google books (content was: "{{#if:{{{plainurl|{{{plain-url|}}}}}}|https://books.google.com/books?id={{trim|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{page|}}}|&pg=PA{{{page|}}}|{{#if:{{{pg|}}}|&pg={{{pg}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{text|}}}|&dq={{urlencode:"{{{text|}}}"}}}}{{#if:{{{keywords|}}}|&q={{urlencode:{{{keywords}}}}}}}|''[https://books.google.com/books?id={{trim|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{page|}}}|&pg=PA{{{page|}}}|{{#if:{{{pg|}}}|&pg={{{pg}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{text|}}}|&dq={{urlencode:"{{{text|}}}"}}}}{{#if:{{{keywords|}}}|&q={{ur...")
14:24, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Glacier (content was: "{{About|the geological formation}} {{Redirect|Ice river|the Chinese ski course|Ice River (ski course)}}{{More citations needed|date=October 2022}}{{short description|Persistent body of ice that is moving under its own weight}} {{Use American English|date=April 2014}} thumb|325x325px|Glacier of the Geikie Plateau in [[Greenland.]] File:Wildspitze seen from Hinterer Brunnkogel, with visible ascent track of ski mountaineer.jpg|thumb|325px|The...")
14:24, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Giant magnetoresistance (content was: "{{use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} {{Distinguish|Colossal magnetoresistance}} '''Giant magnetoresistance''' ('''GMR''') is a quantum mechanical magnetoresistance effect observed in multilayers composed of alternating ferromagnetic and non-magnetic conductive layers. The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg for the discovery of GMR. The effect is observed as a significant change in the electri...")
14:24, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Geology of Mars (content was: "{{Short description|Scientific study of the surface, crust, and interior of the planet Mars}} thumb|right|Generalised [[geological map of Mars<ref>P. Zasada (2013) Generalised Geological Map of Mars, 1:140.000.000, [http://astronomynow.com/2015/02/01/4billion-year-old-meteorite-reveals-mars-darker-side/ Source Link].</ref>]] thumb|right|Mars as seen by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] The '''geology of...")
14:23, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Functional analysis (content was: "{{Navbox | name = Functional analysis | title = Functional analysis (topics – glossary) | listclass = hlist | state = {{{state|}}} | group1 = Spaces | list1 = {{Navbox|subgroup | group1 = | list1 = *Banach *Besov *Fréchet *Hilbert *Hölder *Nuclear *Orlicz spa...")
14:23, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Function prototype (content was: "{{Short description|Declaration of a function's name and type signature but not body}} {{About|function declarations|the prototype property of JavaScript functions and objects|JavaScript#Object-orientation (prototype-based)|other uses|Software prototyping}} {{refimprove|date=September 2016}} In computer programming, a '''function prototype''' or '''function interface''' is a declaration of a function that sp...")
14:23, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Fretted terrain (content was: "{{short description|Surface feature common to certain areas of Mars}} '''Fretted terrain''' is a type of surface feature common to certain areas of Mars and was discovered in Mariner 9 images. It lies between two different types of terrain. The surface of Mars can be divided into two parts: low, young, uncratered plains that cover most of the northern hemisphere, and high-standing, old, heavily cratered areas that cover the southern and a small pa...")
14:23, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Filter (set theory) (content was: "{{short description|Family of sets representing "large" sets}} {{for|filters on a poset|Filter (mathematics)}} {{other uses|Filter (disambiguation)}} {{Very long|date=March 2023}} In mathematics, a '''filter''' on a set <math>X</math> is a family <math>\mathcal{B}</math> of subsets such that: {{sfn|Jech|2006|p=73}} # <math>X \in \mathcal{B}</math> and <math> \emptyset \notin \mathcal{B}</math> # if <math>A\in \mathcal{B}</math> and <math>B \in \mathca...")
14:23, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Gauge theory (mathematics) (content was: "{{Short description|Study of vector bundles, principle bundles, and fibre bundles}} {{Hatnote|This article discusses the mathematical field of gauge theory. For the physical field of gauge theory, see Gauge theory.}} In mathematics, and especially differential geometry and mathematical physics, '''gauge theory''' is the general study of connections on vector bundles, principal bundles, and fibre bundles. Gauge theory in...")
14:23, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Further (content was: "<includeonly>{{#invoke:labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Further information{{#if:{{{topic|}}}| on {{{topic|}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}  </noinclude>")
14:22, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Fraction/styles.css (content was: "{{pp|small=y}}: .frac { white-space: nowrap; } .frac .num, .frac .den { font-size: 80%; line-height: 0; we want this inline: vertical-align: super; } .frac .den { vertical-align: sub; } Template:Screen reader-only is canonical implementation onwiki: .sr-only { border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap; /* already have nowrap above: }")
14:22, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Fraction (content was: "<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{{1}}}+{{{2}}}⁄{{{3}}}|{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{1}}}⁄{{{2}}}|{{#if:{{{1|}}}|1⁄{{{1}}}<!-- then 1/1...")
14:22, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Flag (content was: "{{country data {{{1|}}}|flag/core|name={{{name|{{{1|}}}}}}|variant={{{variant|{{{2|}}}}}}|size={{{size|}}}}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>")
14:22, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Fix/category (content was: "<noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}}</noinclude>{{{cat|Category:All pages needing cleanup}}}{{#if:{{{cat-date|}}} |[[{{{cat-date}}} {{#if:{{{date|}}} |from {{{date}}} }}]]{{#if:{{{date|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{cat-date}}} from {{{date}}}| |Category:Articles with invalid date parameter in template }} }} }}{{#if:{{{cat2|}}}|{{{cat2}}}}}{{#if:{{{cat-date2|}}} |[[{{{cat-date2}}} {{#if:{{{date|}}} |from {{{date}}} }}]]{{#if:{{{date|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{...")
14:21, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Fix (content was: "{{#switch:{{{subst|¬}}} |¬={{category handler |template=Category:Templates needing substitution checking |nocat={{{nocat|<noinclude>true</noinclude>}}} }} |SUBST=Category:Pages with incorrectly substituted templates }}{{Category handler |main={{Fix/category |cat-date={{{cat-date|}}} |cat={{{cat|}}} |cat-date2={{{cat-date2|}}} |cat2={{{cat2|}}} |cat-date3={{{cat-date3|}}} |cat3={{{cat3|}}} |date={{{date|}}} }} |template={{#if:{{{name|}}}|{...")
14:21, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Filter (mathematics) (content was: "{{short description|In mathematics, a special subset of a partially ordered set}} {{for|filters on sets|Filter (set theory)}} {{other uses|Filter (disambiguation)}} {{more footnotes|date=June 2017}} thumb|The power set lattice of the set {{Math|{{brace|1, 2, 3, 4}}}}, with [[upper set {{Math|↑{{brace|1, 4}}}} colored dark green. This upper set is a {{em|filter}}, and even a {{em|principal filter}}. It is not an {{em|ultrafilter}}, beca...")
14:21, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Field of sets (content was: "{{redirect|Set algebra|the basic properties and laws of sets|Algebra of sets}} {{Short description|Algebraic concept in measure theory, also referred to as an algebra of sets}} In mathematics, a '''field of sets''' is a mathematical structure consisting of a pair <math>( X, \mathcal{F} )</math> consisting of a set <math>X</math> and a family <math>\mathcal{F}</math> of subsets of <math>X</math> called an '''algebra over <mat...")
14:21, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Ferromagnetism (content was: "{{short description|Mechanism by which materials form into and are attracted to magnets}} {{not to be confused with|Ferrimagnetism}} thumb|A [[magnet made of alnico, a ferromagnetic iron alloy, with its keeper]] {{Condensed matter physics}} thumb|Paramagnetism, ferromagnetism and spin waves '''Ferromagnetism''' is a property of certain materials (such as iron) that result...")
14:21, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page FULLROOTPAGENAME (content was: "{{ safesubst:<noinclude/>#if: {{ safesubst:<noinclude/>Ns has subpages | {{ safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{1|}}}|{{ safesubst:<noinclude/>NAMESPACE:{{{1}}}}}|{{ safesubst:<noinclude/>NAMESPACE}}}} }} | {{ safesubst:<noinclude/>#titleparts:{{ safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{ safesubst:<noinclude/>FULLPAGENAME}}}}|1}} | {{ safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{ safesubst:<noinclude/>FULLPAGENAME}}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>")
14:21, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page F2c (content was: "{{Otheruses|F2C (disambiguation)}} {{lowercase|f2c}} {{inline|date=September 2016}} {{Infobox software | name = f2c }} '''f2c''' is a program to convert Fortran 77 to C code, developed at Bell Laboratories. The standalone f2c program was based on the core of the first complete Fortran 77 compiler to be implemented, the "f77" program by Feldman and [[Peter J. Weinberger|Weinberger]...")
14:21, 5 July 2023 Admin talk contribs deleted page Exchange bias (content was: "{{No footnotes|date=August 2018}} '''Exchange bias''' or '''exchange anisotropy''' occurs in bilayers (or multilayers) of magnetic materials where the hard magnetization behavior of an antiferromagnetic thin film causes a shift in the soft magnetization curve of a ferromagnetic film. The exchange bias phenomenon is of tremendous utility in magnetic recording, where it is used to pin the state of the readback heads of hard disk drives at exactly their point of maxi...")

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